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1 - 10 van 247 voor investment costs
Microsoft Word - doc136.doc
... a 1 percent decrease in marginal costs. we approximate the firms' marginal costs by the average variable costs the sum of the purchasing costs of intermediate products and labour costs, divided by the total sales ... case of high economies of scale, a monopoly with a high pcm is sustainable. high investment costs and substantial economies of scale by incumbents entail that entry of new firms is not ...
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... 8 investment cost q and the project induces changes in producer and consumer surplus. producer surplus is defined as the difference between the value of the urban produce and all costs ... term represents the opportunity cost of the redeveloped land and together with the investment costs, it represents the internal costs of the project. the third term represents welfare effects that are not ...
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competition and regulation telecommunications markets pdf
... of fixed investment costs). in situations of carrier-select-based entry, the originating access price should be cost-based (a supplementary markup may be needed for recovery of fixed investment costs). the ... equal to marginal cost (a supplementary markup may be needed for recovery of fixed investment costs), and by eliminating any shortages in interconnection capacity in the incumbent's network. ...
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Microsoft Word - doc69.doc
... costs and investment costs for service providers doing business in other eu member states. policy heterogeneity acts as a trade barrier. a characteristic of country-specific regulations is that they cause additional fixed costs ... border trade and intra-eu direct investment in services. the answer to that question is crucial, because the directive also involves real costs, for instance for making ...
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exploring ambiguous impact employment protection pdf
... on consumption can again be different from the effect on output due to e.g. investment costs. to allow for a potential ambiguous effect on productivity, we have both potential sclerosis from ... ex post bargaining over the returns of these specific investments, there will be under investment in specific investment by both parties in the private market outcome. 25 creation and destruction we can ...
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Microsoft Word - noordman.doc
... of competition, the use of economies of scale, and the costs of adjustment in manufacturing. dutch imports of consumer goods, investment goods and intermediates, each with a volume and price component. these ... firms changes each year. the sizes of barriers in the other branches differ little. fixed investment costs are high entry barriers and there is a clear link between capital intensity and this ...
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future policy telecommunications analytical framework pdf
... uncertain regulation increases risk and hence the costs of capital to compensate for this increased risk. these higher costs reduce the level of investment. explicit regulation especially increases uncertainty where ... ). firms engaged in this type of competition are typically unable to support the investment costs needed for innovation.3 the drivers of efficiency as described above, may or ...
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innovation convergence and role regulation netherlands and beyond pdf
... socially optimal, as the outcome depends on, among others, the size of scale economies and investment costs.12 note that in the netherlands, where two networks are already present (the investments ... correctly is inherently difficult, while setting it at the wrong level may heavily distort investment incentives. thus, before considering access regulation, the first question to be addressed is how ...
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Microsoft Word - disc141.doc
... income. as a result, the system operators may not recover all of their investment costs, and therefore postpone their investments in the network. secondly, meulmeester (2008) argues ... hierarchy reduces the total investment costs (joskow, 1996). the european directives on the unbundling of the electricity industries have, however, prohibited this internal coordination of investment decisions (ec, ...
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Research Memorandum (set-up) [PFP#790029940]
... and a consequence of falling co-operation costs. but co-operation and direct foreign investment are far from fully overlapping. much direct foreign investment in developing countries is aimed at ... receiving tariff-hopping' direct foreign investment in import-substituting industries, which then declines as a consequence of tariff cuts. how does the fall in transport costs affect relative wages? ...
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