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1 - 10 van 242 voor price increases
competition and access price regulation broadband market pdf
... price set by a service-based firm increases in the access price, (ii) the output of and the price set by the incumbent increase in the access price, (iii) the output of and the price ... service-based firms and infrastructure-based firms are equal in number, the socially optimal access price increases with the number of firms from negative to positive. uniform service differentiation in this section ...
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G:\data\pdf\lijesen\disc16.wpd [PFP#1221338023]
... relatively important in the average price. in the case of electricity, declining standing charges even lead to a decrease in the average price, whereas the per unit price increases. 5.2 effect of an ... average prices, much like the outcomes in the previous case. this time however, industry profit increases. the profit per customer for the incumbent and the other' entrant are one third of ...
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Microsoft Word - CPB rapport 23feb04.doc
... induced by price increases. the policy options are not efficient in preventing price spikes, as the welfare costs of price spikes are lower than the costs of the policy options, unless price spikes ... different sources, such as technical failures, political restrictions on the supply side, and sharp increases in demand as a result of unexpected high economic growth or extreme weather conditions ( ...
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Research Memorandum (set-up) [PFP#1092129510]
... demand responses by consumers. if case, firms may absorb bean price increases by reducing their markups. this paper seeks to carefully evaluate ... that occurred during 1994, the year of the drastic bean price increases due to the frost in brazil. we base our analysis ... last column of table 4 indicates, both the absolute and percentage price increases of coffee would be even less than what was actually ...
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gamma simulation model ageing pensions and public finances pdf
... 15 note the price of leisure increases in the long-run in proportion with the general price level and labour productivity. this implies that the price of leisure relative to the consumption price increases with productivity ... is determined by lifetime total income, so total consumption 20 note, leisure v increases due to the consumption price rise, but point b(1) vpv pc shifts to the right because of ...
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measuring lifetime redistribution dutch occupational pensions pdf
... retirement increases as people get older. because building up pension rights is linear in the netherlands, the positive link between cost price and age turns actuarially fair contribution rate which also increases ... contribution rate u , the actuarially fair rate f is increasing in age because the cost price increases with age.6 parameter values the parameter values of the average-wage scheme are ...
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memo104.pdf
... metals. in the past (1974 and 1979), strong increases in the oil price were followed by lower economic growth. whether these price increases were exogenous shocks or the results of 17 ... price rise of (labour-intensive) services. volatile prices have negative effects on investment decisions by the oil industry as the uncertainty of future returns of such investments increases. the recent oil price ...
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Microsoft Word - memo140.doc
... relatively small number of firms (making coordination and monitoring easier), difficult entry conditions (allowing price increases to be more durable), a trade association that can coordinate output market shares, monitor ... , increases, which seems logical4 . the consumer faces the following budget constraint, ixpxp n i ii , (4) where price for the homogeneous good in sector 0 and pi is the price of ...
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Microsoft Word - memo116.doc
... table 4.1). the slightly higher price rise over the period un series is plausible as the un series only covers developed economies and export price increases of the other economies were probably 32 see also g. van welzenis, 2004, the impact of exchange rate changes on domestic inflation is mitigated by price discrimination, ...
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Microsoft Word - leuvensteijn.doc
... lending rate is sluggish in a period of unexpected price increases. figure 4.2 borrower level monthly 1st and 99th ... give a very weak statistical indication that the lending rate increases with age. this finding is at odds with risk ... price dispersion becomes higher in the years of increasing lending rates in 1999 and 2000 ( a 0.272 and a 0.314). apparently, price dispersion between lenders increases ...
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