|
1 - 10 van 27 voor zero switching costs
L:\publicaties\...\cpbdoc15.wp [PFP#1210200691]
... most retail sub-markets in the netherlands. there are high sunk costs (mainly due to reputation), high switching costs and low transparency. this implies that there is room for ... competition ) the more homogenous products and the lower consumers' switching costs are. in the extreme case of perfectly homogenous products and zero switching costs, the incentive to undercut each other forces bertrand ...
cpb.nl
paper-flex-martin-2.pdf
... also involves costs for both firms and workers. opening and filling new vacancies is costly for firms; searching for, and switching to new ... log points in western europe and it was close to zero, if not negative, in central and eastern european countries at ... in worker reallocation in the absence of policy-induced adjustment costs. the advantage of this approach compared to standard cross- country ...
cpb.nl
access regulation and adoption voip pdf
... ), for instance due to heterogeneity in brand recognition, corporate images, and consumer switching costs. also, services offered by operators are offered in different bundles with other ... the true marginal costs of electronic communications are virtually zero. nevertheless, in practice, operators allocate fixed costs to traffic, and hence may partly treat these costs as marginal costs when setting ...
cpb.nl
G:\data\pdf\lijesen\disc16.wpd [PFP#1221338023]
... of constant consumer tastes, switching costs induce higher prices and higher profits. markets with switching costs are less competitive than markets without these costs. de bijl (2000) incorporates switching costs and initial market shares ... simulation. in itself this is not a problem, a monopolist competes with the zero net-utility option, which is exactly the way it is modeled here. still, ...
cpb.nl
N:\publicaties\...\cpbdoc16.wp [PFP#1211064953]
... labour inputs. according to the neoclassical theory, the marginal product of capital is equal to zero in the long run. then, labour productivity growth stems entirely from tfp growth. the latter ... are larger as the level of standardisation rises. on the other hand, because of high switching costs, firms can get locked into certain technologies. this can create negative effects. ict can also ...
cpb.nl
impact bank competition interest rate pass through euro area pdf
... output and prices. under perfect competition, where output price equals marginal costs, the conjectural variation between banks should be zero, whereas a value of one would indicate monopoly. panzar ... costs of their options which may reduce the speed of the interest rate pass-through for outstanding clients. 7 in addition to bank competition, switching costs and other interest rate adjustment costs, ...
cpb.nl
innovation convergence and role regulation netherlands and beyond pdf
... costs and consumer switching costs. the latter arise e.g. due to long-term contracts or costly number portability. while differentiation typically leads to more market power, the effect of consumer switching costs ... with the introduction of ip, marginal costs levels are approaching zero. in addition, bill-and-keep substantially reduces regulatory and transaction costs this type of pricing does ...
cpb.nl
memo43.pdf
... switching costs equal the number of switchers times the average switching costs. from equation (4), we find that the number of switchers from firm j to firm i equals ( ) zvv ji - . since we assumed switching costs ... unable to make a profit from the standing charge. in that case, s1 goes to zero, firm 1 specializes in network services and is no longer vertically integrated. obviously, as firm ...
cpb.nl
The macro-economic costs of air pollution and climate policies in EU
... consists of implementing not only emission control technologies, but also efficiency improvements, fuel switching and structural changes. greenhouse gas emissions thereby decrease, which renders climate change policies ... by a factor of four compared to average hence, the relatively low marginal costs of abatement (non-zero for all substances) necessary to meet the national ceilings will generate ...
cpb.nl
dp181-risk-adjustment.pdf
... , we will consider both total and consumer welfare. papers that consider an insurance market with zero profits, for example due to perfect competition, cannot make this distinction. in that case, by ... holland pp. 2221 2299. strombom, bruce a., thomas c. buchmueller and paul j. feldstein. 2002. switching costs, price sensitivity and health plan choice. journal of health economics ven, w.p.m.m ...
cpb.nl
| 