Biased reporting 

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memo179.pdf
... .4 empirical comparison of unbiased versus biased reporting it is possible to judge empirically the two main models of this paper the unbiased reporting versus the biased reporting. we give the results for ... value the bias model9. table b.1 loglikelihood values reporting model loglikelihood formula value relative value variance model (unbiased reporting) eq biased reporting eq (b.1) 38.6 % -49.8 0 ...
cpb.nl

memo212.pdf
... biased reporting errors reporting is systematically too low, or systematically too high. for each country we have a typical expected percentage of over-reporting or under-reporting, separately for export reporting and import reporting ... the importers together. table 6.3 estimates of the variance model export reporting import reporting total rel variance total rel variance billion usd % billion usd % ...
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Microsoft Word - final version1..doc
... closed at certain days of the month. choosing the last observation could have caused a biased dataset. an additional benefit is that news about production, consumption, frosts or droughts is not ... have. 2 swaps loopholes are a way for speculators to exempt themselves from meeting the reporting requirement and limited trading positions that are required to other investors. speculators enter a swap ...
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