Different variances 

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memo179.pdf
... different variances. several estimation methods for these variances are discussed. the hurried reader who is not interested in estimation is advised to skip the subsections (2.2) and further. in section 3 a different model is discussed and estimated, with biased reporting. here the reporting errors do not have different variances about a zero mean, but they have different means; ...
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Microsoft Word - discussion156.doc
... . differences in stage of development leading to different aggregate risks, or differences in institutions leading to differences in leverage, could well explain different values of the equity premium. moreover, as ... that it accounts for the pooled data set-up by allowing for different variances and non-zero co-variances for clusters of observations taken from the same study.15 more specifically, ...
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